Rift Valley Fever threaten the animals and human health

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease primarily transmitted by mosquito species such as Aedes and Culex. Humans can also become infected through direct contact with the blood or organs of infected animals. The disease leads to substantial economic losses, largely due to livestock deaths and abortions associated with RVF infections. The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), part of the Phlebovirus genus and the Bunyaviridae family, is the causative agent of the disease. The most severe cases are observed in sheep, goats, newborns, and young animals, as they are particularly vulnerable to infection. The clinical symptoms comprise elevated temperature, nasal fluid secretion, and eye discharge, lymph node inflammation, and vomiting. Diagnosis depends on recognizing particular IgM or IgG antibodies, identifying RVFV nucleic acids, conducting virus isolation, and performing histopathological analysis. Vaccines for animals consist of inactivated and weakened vaccines derived from highly virulent isolates of RVFV. With global climate change, competent vectors are becoming more widely distributed in non-endemic areas, and RVF may spread across national borders. RVF can be controlled by vaccinating livestock, restricting the movement of livestock during epidemics, and destroying vector and vector mosquito habitats.