How Is the Consistency of Virtue and Happiness Possible?—Based on Kant’s Moral Philosophy of Happiness

幸福问题，尤其是幸福与德性的关系问题，是长久以来西方伦理学界一直探讨的核心，其历史渊源可以追溯至古希腊。在《实践理性批判》中，康德详细论述了幸福和德性的内涵及其关系问题，认为幸福和德性之间存在着某种必然的联系，应从理性视角来审视幸福，通过至善将二者结合并置幸福于道德法则的规范之下。所谓幸福，对康德而言，是一种按照等同比例与道德法则相适配的配享幸福。但现实中幸福与德性并不总是一致，有德之人无福可享、无德之人福禄安康的现象比比皆是，人们不禁要问：“德福一致究竟何以可能？”对此，康德预设了三大道德公设为德福一致证言，以保证道德法则的普遍必然性。然而，其道德理论多少有些抽象和理想化，难以切实融入现实生活。因此，关于德福一致何以可能及其存在的问题值得我们进一步反思。The question of happiness, especially the relationship between happiness and virtue, has long been at the heart of Western ethics, whose historical roots can be traced back to ancient Greece. In The Critique of Practical Reason, Kant discusses in detail the connotation of happiness and virtue and their relationship, arguing that there is an inevitable connection, and that happiness should be examined from the perspective of reason, and that happiness should be combined through the highest good and be placed under the norms of the moral law. The happiness, for Kant, is an allotted happiness in equal proportion to the moral law. However, in reality, happiness and virtue do not always coincide, and the phenomenon of virtuous people enjoying no happiness and unvirtuous people enjoying good fortune abounds, so people cannot help but ask: “How on earth is it possible for virtue and happiness to coincide?” In this regard, Kant presupposes three major moral axioms to prove the consistency between happiness and virtue in order to ensure the universal necessity of the moral law. However, his ethical theories are slightly abstract and idealistic, and difficult to be practically integrated into real life. These questions therefore deserves further reflection.