Mitigating Lead Toxicity in Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Strategies for Sustainable Development

Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exhibit remarkable potential for addressing global energy challenges due to their exceptional photovoltaic properties and cost-effectiveness. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by the presence of toxic lead in the perovskite materials, posing risks to both human health and the environment. This review comprehensively examines the environmental safety concerns associated with PSCs, focusing on the toxicity of lead and its potential for leakage during device operation and end-of-life disposal. Strategies to mitigate lead leakage are explored, including advanced external encapsulation methods, internal lead immobilization techniques, and innovative recycling approaches. These strategies are evaluated based on their effectiveness, feasibility, and potential challenges, highlighting the need for a multi-pronged approach to ensure the responsible and sustainable development of PSC technology. By addressing the toxicity issue and implementing robust prevention and recycling strategies, PSCs can become a driving force for the global transition towards clean and renewable energy while minimizing environmental and health risks.