Convective heat transfer for Maxwell hybrid (Cu–Al₂O₃) nanofluid flow having Darcy–Forchheimer’s porous medium over a stretchable cylindrical pipe

This paper investigates the rheological characteristics of Maxwell hybrid nanoliquid via Darcy–Forchheimer’s permeable medium overtop a stretchable cylindrical surface. Hybrid nanofluid is analyzed with regard to boundary layer description along with convective boundary conditions. The hybrid nanoliquid under investigation is fabricated by the integration of copper (Cu) and aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles with sodium alginate as base fluid. The rheological characteristics of hybrid nanoliquid are captured by engaging Maxwell’s rheological model. The above-mentioned phenomena have never been investigated simultaneously, as evidenced by an in-depth review of the relevant literature, making this study a significant innovation. To simplify the study, adequate similarity transformations have been utilized to transform the governing system of nonlinear partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations and resultant system is solved numerically by engaging bvp4c technique via MATLAB software. Graphical illustrations have been utilized in order to portray the supremacy of various parameters on concerned physical quantities. Likewise, numerical data are tabulated to get insights for quantities of engineering interest i.e. skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number.