Geology in renewable energy development in Ethiopia: potentials, challenges, and future directions

Ethiopia possesses vast geological resources that present significant opportunities for renewable energy development, particularly in geothermal, hydropower, and wind energy. This review explores the role of geology in harnessing these resources, evaluating geological conditions, resource availability, and the feasibility of scaling up renewable energy projects. Ethiopia’s geothermal potential is largely attributed to its location within the tectonically active East African Rift System, which provides abundant geothermal anomalies. Similarly, the country’s river systems, shaped by geological formations, offer extensive hydropower capacity, while its wind corridors, particularly in the Somali and Afar regions, hold promise for wind energy generation. Despite these opportunities, geological factors pose notable challenges to renewable energy development. Seismic activity, sedimentation, and site accessibility can complicate exploration and infrastructure development. Furthermore, gaps in geological data, limited investment, and inadequate policy frameworks hinder effective resource utilization. Addressing these challenges requires integrated geological surveys, enhanced research, and coordinated policy efforts. The review highlights key barriers, including technical constraints, financial limitations, and regulatory hurdles that impede the expansion of renewable energy projects. Successful case studies demonstrate that overcoming these obstacles necessitates strategic public-private partnerships, improved policy support, and advancements in geological research. The role of geology extends beyond resource identification to influencing the sustainability and efficiency of renewable energy projects, underscoring the importance of comprehensive geological assessments in decision-making processes. Future efforts should focus on improving geological research, expanding data availability, and implementing robust policies that support sustainable energy development. Strengthening public-private collaboration and investing in capacity-building initiatives will be essential in addressing technical and financial limitations. By leveraging its geological advantages, Ethiopia can advance its renewable energy agenda, enhance energy security, and contribute to economic growth. This review provides insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers seeking to optimize Ethiopia’s renewable energy potential in alignment with national development objectives. The findings emphasize the need for a holistic approach that integrates geology with technological and economic considerations to ensure the long-term sustainability of Ethiopia’s renewable energy sector.