The Honeybee Associate <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Can Acquire <i>Arsenophonus apicola</i> Through Oral and Parenteral Infection Routes

Members of the genus Arsenophonus are classically considered to be vertically transmitted endosymbiotic associates of invertebrates. Acquisition of Arsenophonus apicola by Apis mellifera honeybees through social and environmental pathways raises the possibility that this species can infect a broader range of host species. In this study, we tested whether a natural inhabitant of bee hives, the wax moth Galleria mellonella, was a suitable host for A. apicola. We first demonstrated A. apicola colonised G. mellonella larvae following injection at doses as low as 10⁴ CFU. A similar capacity of A. apicola to infect G. mellonella orally was evidenced, impacting waxworm development and mortality. Microscopy indicated that A. apicola crossed from gut to hemocoel in the G. mellonella crop, inducing melanisation. PCR screening of Galleria individuals in an apiary sample confirmed exposure of Galleria in the hive context. We conclude that A. apicola is capable of infecting and damaging hive associates. These findings raise two onward avenues of research: first, to investigate whether A. apicola's presence could protect hives against Galleria infestations, and second, to utilise model insect G. mellonella for immunity research to uncover the interplay between A. apicola and insect host defences whilst elucidating virulence factors utilised by A. apicola during infection.