A nested case-control analysis of factors influencing preoperative hospitalization fear in pediatric patients and the alleviating effects of child-friendly visual interventions

Both individual (e.g., educational status, past hospital experiences) and environmental factors (e.g., visibility of needles) play critical roles in pediatric preoperative fear. Implementing child-friendly visual interventions significantly alleviates reduces anxiety and improves parental satisfaction. These findings Our results support the adoption of such strategies in pediatric surgical care and highlight the importance of age-appropriate interventions.