Identification of Vulnerable Areas to Fine Dust in Sejong City, South Korea, Using a Social-Ecological System Analysis

Fine dust air pollution has become an increasing concern in rapidly urbanizing regions, particularly in areas undergoing extensive development and construction. This study employs Systems Thinking and Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) analysis to identify the key drivers of fine dust pollution and to establish a vulnerability assessment framework within a social-ecological system, using Sejong City, South Korea, as a case study. First, system boundaries were defined to encompass both social (e.g., urbanization, industry, transportation) and ecological (e.g., vegetation, soil) systems. Key variables were identified through a comprehensive review of relevant literature and policies, and their causal relationships were mapped into a detailed CLD. Subsequently, feedback loops were analyzed to uncover the main system drivers influencing both the generation and mitigation of fine dust. These insights were then used to conduct a spatial vulnerability assessment, identifying areas in need of structural interventions for fine dust management. The findings of this study provide valuable policy implications and spatial planning strategies to support decision-makers in developing balanced urban development and conservation plans, as well as implementing effective green infrastructure interventions to mitigate particulate matter (PM) pollution in Sejong City. By addressing environmental challenges within the social-ecological system framework, this research offers a holistic understanding of the drivers of fine dust pollution, contributing to evidence-based policy-making for sustainable urban development and environmental resilience.