Potential Role of Chitosan and Trichoderma in Remediating Cadmium Toxicity in Plants

Cadmium toxicity is one of the most serious environmental issues nowadays globally.Cd has high mobility and solubility in the water which enhances its uptake through cortical tissues of roots and hence reaches the xylem through apoplastic and symplastic pathways through ascent of sap and various transporters.The negative effects of cadmium stress on the plants include growth retardation, impaired photosynthesis, changed stomatal movements, enzymatic activities, metabolic activities and membrane functioning.Oxidative stress is primarily influenced through increased cadmium toxicity inside the plant.Microbial mediated remediation and application of biostimulators and elicitors like chitosan are also a promising way to enhance remediation process in plants in metal contaminated environment.The future of chitosan and Trichodermaassisted bioremediation of cadmium toxicity is bright, especially as interest grows in sustainable and ecofriendly approaches to heavy metal contamination.