Distribution and Management of Witches’ Broom Rust Disease in Barberry Orchards of South Khorasan, Iran: A Comprehensive Survey

Aim/Background: South Khorasan Province is a major producer of common or seedless barberry, accounting for approximately 98% of Iran's total production. This renders it a significant economic driver for the region. The province is recognized as a focal point for developing barberry broom rust disease. This study aimed to evaluate the current status and extent of the disease's spread in the province. Materials and Methods: From 2007 to 2023, surveys of barberry orchards were conducted at various geographical locations within the province to identify the distribution of witches' broom rust disease caused by Puccinia arrhenatheri. Fifteen samples exhibiting disease symptoms were randomly collected and examined morphologically, molecularly, and statistically from each geographical location. Results: The prevalence of this issue has experienced a substantial increase in recent years, resulting in the annual expansion of newly affected regions. Climate change and consecutive droughts may have contributed significantly to exacerbating the situation. To mitigate the spread of this problem, the implementation of specialized chemical treatments targeting rust diseases and the prompt removal of infected branches were recommended. The most effective fungicides for disease control were Folicur at 1 in 1000, Folicur at 1.5 in 1000, and Falcon at 0.6 in 1000. The recommended dosage for optimal control is Folicur at 1 in 1000. Conclusion: Monitoring these areas and analyzing data from previous years revealed that the disease is expanding to most regions.