Challenges in Learning English Phrasal Verbs: An Investigation of Receptive and Productive Knowledge Among Japanese University Students

There has been a growing interest in the use and learning of multi-word items in L2 due to the recognition that the appropriate use of formulaic language contributes to naturalness and fluency in the language (Siyanova & Schmitt, 2007; Wray, 2002). Phrasal verbs (PVs) are one type of formulaic language that has received increasing attention