In search of balance: the Lotka–Volterra model in biosystem research

The Lotka-Volterra model, developed in the first half of the 20th century, is the most important tool for analysing the dynamics of interactions in biological systems. The paper analyses the evolution of this mathematical system from its classical form describing predator-prey relationships to modern modifications that take into account spatial heterogeneity, stochastic effects and interdisciplinary applications. Using examples of specific cases from ecology, biotechnology and medicine, the key role of the model in solving urgent problems of our time is demonstrated: from predicting the consequences of species reintroduction to optimising industrial biotechnological processes. Particular attention is paid to the ethical aspects of applying mathematical models when intervening in natural ecosystems, as well as to the prospects of integrating classical equations with machine learning methods. The results of the study confirm that modern modifications of the model allow achieving forecast accuracy of up to 85 % under conditions of climate change, opening new opportunities for combating global environmental challenges. The paper emphasises the need for a balance between technological progress and biodiversity conservation, offering an integrated approach to modelling complex biological systems.