Preliminary balance of energy, protein and elemental nutrition of dairy cows

Rationing of dairy cattle is one of the urgent tasks in dairy farming. The solution to this problem should ensure both a high level of milk yield and the preservation of the health of dairy cows. However, there are a number of contradictions within this decision. Since the most effective increase in the productive qualities of animals is achieved, as a rule, by increasing the proportion of concentrates in the diet, and this is associated with the risk of developing acidosis of the scar, which contradicts the condition of maintaining health. At the same time, in different production cycles (lactation period, dry period, service period, interbody period), according to the physiology of dairy cows, not only the nutritional needs, but also the possibilities for their digestion and assimilation vary greatly. This is especially evident in the first few months after calving. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that before calving, during the dry season, there is a deliberate and gradual decrease in the consumption of dry matter, on the other hand, the active growth of the fetus, which in the last months before calving displaces a significant volume of the abdominal cavity. Calving dramatically releases the previously occupied volume in the abdominal cavity. At the same time, the physiological adaptation of the digestive system requires time and longer preparation to solve the problem of processing large amounts of dry matter and metabolic energy of the diet. Briefly considering this issue, in this paper we also raise the issues of the balance of diets and their control in three components – energy, protein, macro- and microelements in the crisis period of transition.