Colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis is promoted by tissue-specific fibroblasts that can arise in response to various local disorders

Peritoneal membrane injury induces the activation of local fibroblasts and tissue remodelling, which ultimately can progress to fibrosis. Metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) to the abdominal cavity results in such peritoneal damage. Patients with colorectal cancer peritoneal metastasis (CPM) have a particularly poor prognosis, and CPM tumours are characterised by a high infiltration of fibroblasts. Here, we characterised the molecular and functional features of these fibroblasts, and investigated their interaction with other cells in the peritoneal microenvironment. Primary fibroblasts were isolated from 89 patients with different malignant and benign disorders of the peritoneum. We performed comprehensive analyses of single-cell and transcriptome profiling, secretome characterization, and functional enzymatic activity. We were able to identify a peritoneum-specific fibroblast population that increases in response to different types of damage-inducing peritoneal pathologies, including metastasis. These fibroblasts are characterised by the IGFBP2-dependent expression of CD38, which mediates extracellular non-canonical adenosinergic activity and contributes to the suppression of macrophages and T cells. Importantly, peritoneal fibroblasts promoted the growth and invasiveness of tumour cells in a xenograft mouse model of peritoneal metastasis, highlighting their pro-tumorigenic role. Their specific gene signature was associated with poor prognosis in a dataset of 51 patients suffering from colorectal peritoneal metastasis. This study revealed that the CPM is infiltrated by a peritoneal fibroblast subtype, which is absent in healthy tissue, but also observed in benign peritoneal diseases. Given the limited therapeutic options for these patients, these pro-tumorigenic peritoneal fibroblasts could represent an attractive target for inhibiting the peritoneal spread of tumour cells.