Cholinergic System Changes in Dopa‐Unresponsive Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease
FoG unresponsive to levodopa is associated with bilateral cholinergic terminal reductions, mostly in extra-striatal regions involved in multisensory and cognitive integration of gait and postural control as well as spatial navigation. The lack of specific striatal involvement points to the disruption of widespread cerebral network functions underlying l-dopa-unresponsive FoG in PD and may explain the treatment-resistant nature of FoG to levodopa. © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Authors
- Roger L. Albin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0629-608X)
- Kelvin L. Chou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-7315)
- Prabesh Kanel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1418-2960)
- Miriam van Emde Boas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3942-3330)
- Stiven Roytman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8823-3287)
- Nicolaas Ida Bohnen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0352-6414)
- Giulia Carli
Institutions
- University of Michigan (US)
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System (US)
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (US)
- Parkinson's Foundation (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Movement Disorders
- Published
- 2025-04-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.30196
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 6.95
Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research
- Biogen
- Parkinson's Foundation
- Farmer Family Foundation
- National Institutes of Health