Transfer Factors From Animal- And Plant-Based Sources: A Proteomics Comparison And Preclinical Effects On The Immune System

Transfer factors have long been used as natural immune-supporting supplements, traditionally derived from bovine colostrum and chicken egg yolks. However, limitations in sourcing, cost, and sustainability have driven interest in plant-based alternatives. This study investigates upcycled Brassica napus protein isolates as a potential plant-based transfer factor. Proteomic analysis revealed high bio-similarity among Brassica species, particularly in defensin peptides, which are functionally analogous to immune-modulating peptides found in animal-based transfer factors. Nano-LC/MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of defensin-like protein 1 (Brassica napus) and beta-defensin 5 (bovine colostrum), both associated with antimicrobial defense and immune activation. Preclinical studies demonstrated significant immune-enhancing effects across multiple assays. Brassica napus, Sample A showed dosedependent activity in phagocytosis, cytokine production (IL-2), NK cell-mediated tumor killing, and humoral immunity, though effects varied between samples. TriFactor, an established animal-based transfer factor, consistently showed the strongest response. Notably, high-dose Brassica napus, Sample A revealed greater activity than Sample B in several measures, underscoring their differences in low molecular-weight peptides and proteins. These findings highlight the potential of Brassica napus as a scalable, plant-based alternative to traditional transfer factors. Further research is needed to refine this formulation and evaluate clinical efficacy. Keywords : Transfer factor; plant-based; proteomics; immunity, phagocytosis, IL-2.