Complex wave interactions in graded piezomagnetic materials: a gravity and flexomagnetic perspective

Purpose This paper aims to analyze the reflection characteristics of coupled waves in a functionally graded piezomagnetic medium, considering gravitational effects. The objective is to understand how flexomagnetism, strain gradients and gravity influence wave behaviors. Design/methodology/approach The study incorporates flexomagnetic effects, gravity and micro-inertia into the constitutive and governing equations to develop a comprehensive model for wave propagation. A secular equation for wave motion is derived, and the behavior of five distinct reflected coupled waves is analyzed, specifically focusing on their energy ratios. Numerical solutions validate energy conservation, and graphs illustrate wave behavior variations with incidence angle. Findings Results demonstrate that gravity and functional grading significantly impact energy distribution in wave reflections, altering the dynamics of wave dispersion and energy ratios. Functional grading and gravitational effects introduce complexity in wave reflection, providing insights into energy redistribution. Originality/value This study offers a novel approach by integrating flexomagnetism, strain gradients and gravitational effects into wave propagation models for functionally graded piezomagnetic materials, providing unique insights into wave reflection and energy distribution under complex conditions.