Effect of Misuse of Antibiotics on Cytokine Patterns and Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolates from Surgical Site Infection in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as a critical global health challenge, exacerbated by the widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics. The aim of this research was geared to determine the pattern of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates among patients with post-operative surgical site infections and their immunological responses to misuse of antibiotics in Edo state, Nigeria using appropriate microbiological methods. Also, the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (pg/ml), interferon-gamma (pg/ml), and interleukin-10 (pg/ml) in post-surgical patients and control subjects were evaluated using enzyme link immunosorbent assay method. The prevalence of wound infection among study participants was (27%). Escherichia coli (30%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (50%) were most likely to be incriminated with wound infection closely followed by proteus mirabilis (15%) and the least was staphylococcus aureus (5%). The MDR bacterial isolates shows highest percentage of resistance to the penicillin and cephalosporins in the surgical wound infection patients. The levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (512.0±0.03 Vs 14.69±0.01), interferon-gamma (234.0±0.01 Vs 24.68±2.67) and interleukin-10 (35.01±0.01 Vs 3.02±0.02) were also significantly higher in the post-surgical wound infection patient as compared with the control group (p=0.001) respectively. Multidrug resistance bacterial infections are more dangerous and pathogenic, and the observed elevation of inflammatory response may lead to difficulty in infection resolution, it could contribute to partially explaining why patients with MDR infections still have poor treatment outcomes even after receiving timely antibiotic treatment.