Technology transfer in Italy: a quantitative analysis

Literature review discusses the evolution of economic growth theories, particularly the transition from the neoclassical model to endogenous growth theories that emphasize the role of knowledge, ideas, and human capital in increasing productivity and output. Empirical research supports the positive relationship between R&D and productivity growth, with university R&D showing long-term benefits and corporate R&D yielding quicker returns. Moreover, innovation is historically considered the main driver of economic and social development and, above all, investments in R&D are considered essential for enhancing national competitiveness and productivity. This study investigates the impact of patent and research and development (R&D) expenditures by universities and firms on economic growth in Italy, highlighting the mechanisms of innovation propagation and diffusion and contributing to the debate on the differential role of universities versus firms in growth processes. Utilizing a panel data technique, the analysis demonstrates a positive correlation between value added per worker and R&D expenditures per capita. The empirical findings indicate that university R&D expenditures have a higher impact on value added per worker compared to firm R&D expenditures. Gross fixed investments show an immediate but lower impact, while patents significantly influence economic growth after a five-year lag. Notably, the results reveal a time lag in the impact: university R&D investments generally exhibit an immediate effect on economic growth, whereas firms experience positive spillovers on regional growth after some years. The findings suggest that policies supporting technology transfer should strengthen the role of universities in areas with low industrial intensity by enhancing intermediation tools (such as Technology Transfer Offices, incubators, and contamination labs).