State of work-life balance and career aspirations among Japan’s pharmacists

<h2>Abstract</h2><h3>Background</h3> Work-life balance (WLB) and career aspirations are critical determinants of job satisfaction and professional sustainability among pharmacists. Research on these elements concerning Japanese pharmacists remains limited. <h3>Objectives</h3> This study aimed to evaluate WLB, career aspirations, and professional contributions to the overall health care of pharmacists in Japan using a nationwide survey. <h3>Methods</h3> This cross-sectional Web-based survey was conducted in April 2024 with 481 randomly selected pharmacists across Japan. The survey included 29 items analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and hierarchical cluster analysis. <h3>Results</h3> EFA identified 4 key factors that explained 62% of the variance: self-evaluation as a pharmacist, WLB and career satisfaction, evaluation of professional skills and expertise, and prospects and career orientation. Cluster analysis revealed 4 respondent groups: (1) ambitious and upwardly mobile professionals (33%), (2) career-oriented professionals with WLB challenges (12%), (3) balanced professionals with limited career prospects (38%), and (4) disengaged professionals (16%). Ambitious professionals exhibited strong aspirations, whereas disengaged professionals lacked interest and expertise in their profession. This illustrates the diversity within the pharmacist profession, highlighting subgroups with different challenges and needs. By identifying the characteristics of each group, this study aids in providing interventions and support measures suitable for each group. Leadership training and skill development programs are vital for ambitious and upwardly mobile professionals. In contrast, flexible working hours and revised work assignments are necessary for career-oriented professionals facing WLB challenges. However, it was unclear from this study whether disengaged professionals were motivated. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study highlights the diverse challenges and aspirations of pharmacists in Japan. Targeted interventions, including leadership development, workload adjustments, and career growth opportunities, are essential for addressing subgroup-specific needs. These findings provide a framework for policy makers and administrators to enhance pharmacist satisfaction and health care workforce sustainability.