Recent advances in stimuli-responsive materials for intelligent electronics

Stimuli-responsive materials, which undergo variations in their physical or chemical properties in response to external stimuli, have recently drawn increasing attention for their integration into next-generation intelligent electronics. Their capabilities to adjust shapes and properties, combined with advanced manufacturing technologies, are paving the way toward innovative electronic devices with unprecedented levels of adaptability and multifunctionality. In this review, we summarize recent progress in stimuli-responsive materials for intelligent electronic devices. We highlight various material design strategies, their corresponding stimuli-triggered responses, and applications in sensors, actuators, and energy systems. Finally, we discuss current challenges focusing on multi-functional, integrated, and reconfigurable electronics and outline future trends that inspire the next-generation devices.