Exploring the therapeutic potential of three indigenous chillies of North East India: Chemical composition, ADME properties and antibacterial activity

This study investigated the three Assam chilli varieties - Krishna Jolokia, Jati Jolokia ( Capsicum annuum ), and Dhan Jolokia ( Capsicum frutescens ) - for their chemical composition and antimicrobial properties. GC–MS analysis of acetone extracts revealed capsaicin as a major component, with Jati Jolokia containing the highest concentration (52.25 %). Phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Molecular docking studies against Escherichia coli & Enterococcus faecali , Dihydrofolate Reductase suggested potential antimicrobial activity, with capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, and nonivamide showing highest binding affinities. The compounds demonstrated favorable ADME profiles and compliance with Lipinski's Rule of Five. N-Pentadecylacetamide showed potential blood-brain barrier penetration, while capsaicin and nonivamide exhibited optimal lipophilicity and gastrointestinal absorption. In vitro assays confirmed antimicrobial activity, with Krishna Jolokia showing strongest inhibition against both tested bacteria. These findings suggest Assamese chillies as promising sources of natural antimicrobial compounds for medicinal and industrial applications.