Prognostic Implications and the Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Gastric Cancer Liver Metastases: Advances in Radiomics and Organoid Models

胃癌作为一种全球范围内致死率较高的恶性肿瘤，其肝转移是影响患者预后的重要因素。近年来，肿瘤微环境在肿瘤转移中的关键作用逐渐得到广泛关注。当前研究表明，肿瘤微环境的组成成分，如细胞外基质、免疫细胞及血管生成因子等，均对胃癌的肝转移过程产生深远影响。同时，影像组学作为一种新兴技术，已在早期诊断和预后评估中展现出广阔的应用前景，能够通过分析医学影像数据提取出潜在的生物学信息。此外，类器官模型的应用为研究胃癌肝转移机制提供了新的实验平台，能够更真实地模拟肿瘤微环境。本文综述了胃癌肝转移的预后因素，探讨了肿瘤微环境及影像组学在肝转移研究中的重要性，并讨论了类器官模型在此领域的潜在价值。通过综合分析当前的研究成果，旨在为临床实践提供新的见解，以推动胃癌肝转移的早期诊断和个体化治疗。Gastric cancer, a highly lethal malignancy worldwide, is significantly impacted by liver metastasis, which is a critical determinant of patient prognosis. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has garnered increasing attention for its pivotal role in cancer metastasis. Current research indicates that components of the TME, such as the extracellular matrix, immune cells, and angiogenic factors, profoundly influence the process of liver metastasis in gastric cancer. Meanwhile, radiomics, as an emerging technology, has demonstrated promising potential in early diagnosis and prognostic assessment by extracting latent biological information from medical imaging data. Additionally, the application of organoid models has provided a novel experimental platform for studying the mechanisms of gastric cancer liver metastasis, enabling more accurate simulation of the TME. This review summarizes the prognostic factors of gastric cancer liver metastasis, explores the significance of the TME and radiomics in liver metastasis research, and discusses the potential value of organoid models in this field. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to provide new insights for clinical practice, advancing early diagnosis and personalized treatment of gastric cancer liver metastasis.