The Doorways in Novgorod Architecture of the Mid 11th — First Third of the 13th Centuries

The article explores the types of external and internal doorways in pre-Mongol religious architecture of Novgorod. Based on the materials of architectural, archaeological and restoration works, an overview of the doorways according to their purpose in the temple is presented: portals of the main church and lateral chapels, openings of peripheral rooms, technical exits to the roof, openings of stair towers, intramural staircases and choir galleries (catechumena). The study highlights the typical and rare approaches of Novgorod architects to the implementation of these functionally necessary architectural elements. The unique complex layout that altered in process of construction of the St. Sophia Cathedral (1045–1050) led to unconventional solutions. A number of innovations in Novgorod architecture in the 12th — first third of the 13th century (diversity in the design of staircases and choirs, the appearance of vestibules) created new conditions for the doorways to be erected. Particular attention is paid to the structural and decorative features of the portals of Novgorod buildings. Thus one can point out certain local traits: high regularity of the lintel masonry and the prevalence of plinths in the curvilinear elements (the discharging arch above the doorway). A number of examples demonstrate the basic techniques for the construction of the doorway: a horizontal lintel of an opening from beams, a threshold, jambs and door sills. At the end of the 12th — beginning of the 13th centuries the local building tradition was enriched by interaction with other architectural centers that brought about changes in the forms of portals of Novgorod edifices. At first the straight jambs typical for Novgorod doorways got a pair of external vertical recess, later the jambs and archivolt decoration varied in number and shape of recesses.