Neutralization and Hematological Recovery Following Echis Ocellatus Envenomation: Comparative Efficacy of Species-Specific Antibody and Standard Antisnake Venom

Background: Envenomation by Echis ocellatus remains a significant health concern due to its potent venom and re- classified as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization (WHO), pose significant health risks, particularly in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates the immune response of antibody raised against Echis ocellatus venom, their protein characterization, and their efficacy in neutralizing its venom toxicity. Results: Protein quantification revealed varying concentrations, indicating variability in immune response. SDS-PAGE confirmed the presence of intact IgG antibodies (~150 kb) and venom proteins, including metalloproteinases, phospholipases, and serine proteinases. Lethality studies established an LD₅₀ of 0.77 mg/kg, with regional variations noted in venom potency and dose-dependent mortality increasing up to 100% at 1.2 mg/kg. The Echis ocellatus antibody effectively neutralized the venom at 2LD50, with an ED50 of 0.73 mg/kg, demonstrating superior efficacy over standard Antisnake Venom (ASV) in mitigating hematoxic effects. Neutralization experiments showed 100% survival at 20–50 mg/kg antibody doses. Hematological analysis revealed venom-induced reductions in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet levels, indicating immunosuppression, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment with the Echis ocellatus antibody showed enhanced recovery of RBC, hemoglobin, and platelet levels, while standard ASV was more effective in restoring WBC counts. Hematological analysis demonstrated venom-induced hematotoxicity, with significant reductions in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet levels, indicating immunosuppression, hemolysis, and thrombocytopenia. However, Echis ocellatus antibody showed enhanced recovery of these parameters, outperforming the standard antivenom in restoring hematological balance. Time-dependent analysis showed enhanced recovery at 36 hours compared to 24 hours, suggesting progressive neutralization. Conclusion: The Echis ocellatus antibody demonstrated dose-dependent venom neutralization, enhancing survival and reducing hematological damage. These results support its potential as an alternative or complement to standard antisnake venom.