Distribution and ecology of the threatened Siberian winter damselfly (Sympecma paedisca) at the southernmost margin of its European range

Abstract Insects are under global threat from human activities, with aquatic species particularly vulnerable. Sympecma paedisca , a Palearctic damselfly that overwinters as an adult, has undergone significant declines in Europe and is classified as ‘Critically Endangered’ in Italy. Poor knowledge about its distribution and ecology in the country prevents effective conservation actions. This study aims to: (1) assess the species’ current and historical range in Italy, (2) describe habitat selection outside the breeding season, (3) identify breeding habitat preferences, and (4) evaluate the role of protected areas for its conservation. We collected data from the literature, unpublished records, citizen science, and targeted field surveys, significantly expanding knowledge on distribution, and specifically on breeding areas. The species’ range is now restricted to 4824 km² in northwestern Italy, representing a marked contraction over the past century. During winter, S. paedisca shows a strong preference for heathland, shrubland, and fallows, while avoiding urban areas, annual crops, woodland, and rice fields. Conversely, rice fields and their associated marginal habitats were identified as key breeding habitats, an ecological aspect previously overlooked. Only 20% of its breeding sites are included within protected areas.