Development of a Simple Electrochemical Sensor for Antipsychotic Medication Perphenazine Based on Mn₃O₄ Nanomaterial Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

Perphenazine (PPZ), a first-generation antipsychotic drug, is widely used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Parkinson’s disease. Accurate monitoring of PPZ levels in biological and pharmaceutical samples is essential to ensure therapeutic efficacy and prevent adverse effects from overdose. In this study, a binder-free, cost-effective, and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor based on Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles was developed for the selective determination of PPZ. Mn 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method and thoroughly characterized using FESEM, FTIR, Raman, XRD, and TEM. The Mn 3 O 4 /GCE exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward PPZ oxidation, as confirmed by CV and DPV. Under optimized conditions, the sensor demonstrated a linear response range of 5–20 μM with a low LOD of 2.36 μM and LOQ of 7.8 μM. Compared to the bare electrode, Mn 3 O 4 /GCE displayed a 70.56% enhancement in oxidation peak current (DPV analysis), attributed to the increased electroactive surface area and improved charge transfer kinetics. The sensor exhibited excellent selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility, making it suitable for real-world applications. Additionally, real sample analysis in human serum and pharmaceutical tablet formulations showed high average recovery rates of 95.63% and 96.88% with acceptable relative standard deviations of 2.08 and 1.74 respectively, confirming its practical applicability.