Enhancing textile properties using nanotechnology and 3D printing process

Abstract This study explores the application of chitosan-based sol–gel coatings on textile fabrics to achieve multifunctional surfaces with enhanced hydrophobicity and stain resistance. Sol–gel solutions were prepared using chitosan, vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS), and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), with concentrations of 2 wt% and 5 wt%. Additionally, the effect of UV curing was investigated. The coatings were applied to pure cotton and synthetic polyester fabrics using dip-coating and digital deposition techniques. To ensure uniform deposition in the printing process, key solution properties including viscosity, density, and surface tension were optimized. The chemical and physical characteristics of the coatings were analyzed through FTIR and DSC, while SEM imaging, color measurements, water contact angle assessments, and stain and abrasion resistance tests were conducted to evaluate their impact on textile properties. The results demonstrated significant improvements in hydrophobicity, with water contact angles reaching up to 120° compared to non-functionalized textiles. The coatings also enhanced stain and abrasion resistance, exhibiting low friction coefficients and minimal degradation after multiple washing cycles. In the final phase of the study, we investigated the integration of the sol–gel technique with 3D inkjet printing to create films with a more uniform structure while preserving the hydrophobic properties of the coatings. These findings highlight the feasibility of using chitosan-based sol–gel solutions for textile functionalization, offering promising results for both conventional and digital application methods. This approach paves the way for advanced, eco-friendly, and multifunctional textile coatings. Graphical Abstract