Osteoclastogenesis-characterized osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for bone regeneration in rabbit maxillary sinus lift

Calcium phosphate ceramics can be osteoinductive. Osteoinductive calcium phosphate ceramics are attractive bone substitutes because of their ability to induce bone formation in soft tissues far from osseous sites. Herein, we introduce an osteoinductive biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic for maxillary sinus lift. Compared to protein-deprived bovine bone mineral (DBBM), BCP supported osteoclastogenesis <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, induced bone formation following intramuscular implantation in FVB/NCrl (FVB) mice, and enhanced bone regeneration in the rabbit maxillary sinus lift. Our findings indicate that BCP is a promising bone substitute for bone regeneration in maxillary sinus lifts. Furthermore, the current information makes optimizing bone substitutes more convenient and effective. For instance, <i>in vitro</i> osteoclastogenesis evaluation of biomaterials can be used as the first screening, bone formation following non-osseous implantation as the follow-up and bone regeneration in pre-clinical bone defects as the final confirmation.