Anti-oxidant and Anticoagulant Effects of <i>Phyllanthus acidus</i> Leaves Extracts: An <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Study

Background: Phyllanthus acidus is used traditionally in various diseases, analgesics, inflammation, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory disorders, hepatic diseases and diabetes in Bangladesh, South India and Southeast, Asian countries. The plant is a good source of antioxidants. Aim: This study aims to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticoagulant activities of an aqueous extract (Aq.) and methanolic extract (MeOH) derived from P. acidus leaves. Method: The Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method was used to extract various solvents. ether (PE), chloroform (Chlo.), methanol (MeOH), and aqueous (Aq.), phytochemical testing were done. All the extracts were processed for the antioxidant test (DPPH and FRAP), Total phenolic content, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time and clot lysis activity. The MeOH and Aq. fractions of P. acidus were used to assess in-vivo anticoagulant activity using the clotting time and tail amputation model. Results: All the extract shows the presence of different phytoconstituents. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was found high in MeOH (2.125 GAE mg/gm) and Aq. (1.870 GAE mg/gm). Clotlysis activity of PE, Chlo., MeOH, and Aq. were respectively found (300 (mg/ml)-49.05%,43.13%,53.84%, and 66.00%). MeOH and Aq. exhibited significant results in Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Prothrombin Time (PT) and in-vivo studies. Conclusion: The species P. acidus (PA) has been historically utilised for various pathological conditions, possessing substantial traditional significance. The polyphenolic compounds and proteases within the plant influence the coagulation mechanism, as evidenced by the present study, which evaluated both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways, yielding statistically significant outcomes in both assessments. Major Findings: Significant antioxidant and anticoagulant qualities are displayed by plant extracts, which suggests that this plant may find use in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.