Maximizing cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) germination and growth: The critical role of sowing depth and soil selection

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), a valuable spice crop with medicinal and culinary significance, faces challenges in germination and early growth due to suboptimal sowing practices. This study investigated the effects of sowing depth (0, 1, 2, and 3 cm) and soil type (red, black, sandy, and alluvial) on cumin germination and seedling development under controlled conditions. Results revealed that shallow sowing depths (0–1 cm) significantly enhanced germination percentage (GP), with alluvial soil at 1 cm achieving the highest GP (90%), followed by black soil at 1 cm (80%). Deeper sowing (2–3 cm) drastically reduced GP, particularly in black and alluvial soils, where germination failed entirely at 3 cm. Germination speed (GS) and index (GI) were also highest at 0–1 cm depth, with black and alluvial soils showing superior performance. Seedling growth parameters, including leaf number, height, and stem diameter, were optimal at shallower depths, while deeper sowing delayed emergence and stunted growth. Soil type had less pronounced effects, though sandy and alluvial soils supported better growth in later stages. The findings underscore the critical role of sowing depth, recommending 0–1 cm for maximizing germination and early growth, while cautioning against deeper sowing, which compromises crop establishment. Deep sowing negatively impacts emergence and early growth. The findings offer pragmatic suggestions to farmers for enhancing cumin production, although field testing is suggested to adjust for environmental variability.