Echinacoside Alleviates Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats: Potential Involvement of <scp>AMPK</scp> Pathway and Autophagy

The primary objective aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of echinacoside in ameliorating hepatic steatosis and exploring its role in modulating autophagic flux through AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, positioning it as a potential treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A well-established NAFLD rat model was employed, administering varying concentrations of echinacoside. Biochemical parameters, including triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), alongside liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were measured to assess liver function. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms, western blot analyses were performed to assess the expressions of p-AMPK, total AMPK, and key autophagy markers LC-3 I/II and Beclin-1. Echinacoside significantly improved the lipid profile by lowering plasma TG, TC, and LDL-C levels while increasing HDL-C. It also reduced serum ALT, AST, and ALP activities, demonstrating hepatoprotective effects. Notably, echinacoside reversed the p-AMPK levels in NAFLD rats in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dosage showing the strongest effect. This was accompanied by increased expression of LC-3 I/II and Beclin-1. Echinacoside is expected to be a therapeutic drug for NAFLD by activating AMPK activity and enhancing autophagy to improve liver function. These findings suggest its clinical potential, with autophagy modulation via the AMPK pathway as a possible therapeutic mechanism for NAFLD treatment.