Efficient Rhodamine B degradation <i>via</i> Fenton-like and E-Fenton processes using magnetic biochar from rubber seed shells

This study evaluates the potential of magnetic biochar derived from rubber seed shells for the Rhodamine B (RhB) removal using Fenton-like and electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) processes. The magnetic catalyst was synthesized by pyrolyzing rubber seed shell and incorporating α-FeOOH <i>via</i> precipitation. Characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR, confirmed successful integration of iron into the biochar matrix, enhancing its catalytic efficiency. Under optimized conditions (pH 3, catalyst dosage of 0.5 g L^-1, H₂O₂ concentration of 20 mM, initial RhB concentration of 100 mg L^-1, current of 150 mA, electrode distance of 2 cm, and contact time of 120 minutes), the ideal magnetic biochar (RBCF12) exhibited a RhB degradation efficiency of 91.67%. Kinetic studies revealed that the degradation followed a pseudo-first-order model. The degradation efficiency of RBCF12 remained over 60% after 6 consecutive runs, demonstrating its high stability and reusability for practical wastewater treatment applications. This research highlights the efficiency of magnetic biochar as a cost-effective, sustainable material for advanced oxidation processes. Additionally, by leveraging both Fenton-like and E-Fenton processes, it offers a robust and eco-friendly solution to address dye contamination in industrial effluents, contributing to the development of more sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment practices.