Three-dimensional visualization design strategies for urban smart venues under the internet of things

With the increasing demand for smart venue management and data visualization, existing three-dimensional (3D) visualization technologies face challenges in meeting the requirements for efficient, real-time, and multifunctional data presentation. This study systematically compares and analyzes various 3D visualization methods, exploring their application effectiveness in smart venues to provide a reference for technology selection and optimization. Firstly, based on Building Information Modeling (BIM), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, this study delves into the principles and concepts of 3D architectural visualization. Meanwhile, it conducts a comprehensive analysis of common 3D visualization technologies. Secondly, using Cesium rendering technology, the study refines surface data for smart venues and performs detailed comparisons with Digital Twins (DTs), BIM, and Octree technologies. Finally, performance indicators like model response time, rendering speed, and frame rate are evaluated under different environments. The results reveal that in IoT environments, the combination of databases and browsers remarkably affects 3D visualization rendering performance. When using the My Structured Query Language (MySQL) database and the Chrome browser, Cesium achieves the best performance, with a model compression size of 5612 KB. It outperforms Unity (6021 KB), Three.js (5720 KB), and Octree (6754 KB). With the PostgreSQL database and Chrome browser, Cesium demonstrates strong lightweight performance with a model compression size of 13,991 KB. Under varying hardware conditions, rendering speed and response time improve significantly with advancements in processor and Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) performance. For instance, Cesium's rendering speed increases from 24 frames per second (FPS) on a Core i3 processor to 34 FPS on a Core i7 processor. Performance differences are observed among methods in response time, rendering speed, and user interaction experience, with Cesium outperforming others across multiple performance indicators. Overall, Cesium rendering technology demonstrates exceptional performance in 3D visualization for smart venues, surpassing other common 3D visualization technologies. The Cesium-based smart venue visualization system functions effectively, meeting practical requirements and contributing to improved user experience, optimized data presentation, and enhanced venue management.