The Restorative Effect of Urban Forest Vegetation Types and Slope Positions on Human Physical and Mental Health

The restorative effects of various environmental factors within urban forests on physical and mental health exhibit significant differences. Specifically, vegetation types and topographical slope positions are key elements contributing to the environmental heterogeneity of urban forests. However, there is a lack of studies that have concurrently examined the health restoration effects of both factors. This study conducted an empirical experiment on university students in urban forests during the autumn season, investigating the effects of different vegetation types and slope positions on physiological and psychological restoration, and identifying the key environmental factors contributing to these effects. The results show the following: (1) Urban forests with different vegetation types exhibit varying restorative effects, with coniferous forests offering greater physiological restoration benefits than coniferous–broadleaf mixed forests. (2) Slope position affects both physiological and psychological restoration. In coniferous forests, the restorative effects on physical and mental health are greater at the top and midslope positions compared to the bottom slope position; in coniferous–broadleaf mixed forests, the best physiological restoration effects occur at the midslope position. (3) The key environmental factors influencing physiological restoration in urban coniferous forests are panoramic green coverage and elevation. (4) In urban coniferous–broadleaf mixed forests, temperature, humidity, and wind speed are the key factors affecting physiological restoration. This study reveals the restorative differences in urban forests under different vegetation types and slope positions, identifies the key environmental factors influencing health restoration, and provides a theoretical basis for further research on the impact of urban forests on human health. Future urban forest layout and design should fully consider the characteristics of different slope positions, optimize microclimate regulation, and maximize their role in promoting public health.