Mito-Nutraceutical Potential of Plant Secondary Metabolites

Mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses, are essential for energy production and various metabolic processes. This review explores the potential of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) as nutraceuticals to modulate mitochondrial structure and function. Mitochondrial dynamics, including fission, fusion, biogenesis, and mitophagy, are crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of these processes is linked to diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic syndromes, cancer and aging. PSMs, including polyphenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids, form a part of our nutrition and can influence mitochondrial function through multiple pathways. PSMs enhance mitochondrial efficiency, stimulate biogenesis, and reduce oxidative stress by activating key signaling pathways like AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sirtuins, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These compounds also stabilize mitochondrial membranes, protect against oxidative damage, and support mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. By modulating mitochondrial dynamics and reducing oxidative stress, PSMs offer promising avenues for improving metabolic health and combating degenerative diseases. However, challenges such as variability in PSM content, dosage for targeted delivery and interactions with other dietary components must be addressed. Future research should focus on developing targeted delivery systems, such as PSM-loaded nanoparticles, to enhance bioavailability and to maximize therapeutic efficacy. In summary, PSMs represent a valuable resource for mitochondrial therapeutics, with the potential to revolutionize approaches to health and disease management. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PSMs modulate mitochondrial function can lead to innovative strategies for enhancing cellular resilience and metabolic efficiency.