Dividend policy: A comprehensive analysis of classical, neoclassical, and modern theories in corporate finance

This paper This paper provides an in-depth review of dividend policy theories, offering a nuanced understanding of the motivations behind dividend distributions and the factors influencing corporate payout decisions. It examines classical and modern frameworks, from the Dividend Irrelevance Theory, which posits that dividends do not affect firm value under perfect market conditions, to contemporary perspectives such as Agency Theory, which highlights dividends as a mechanism to reduce conflicts between managers and shareholders. The Signaling Theory suggests that dividend changes convey private information about a firm’s future prospects, while the Life Cycle Theory explains how payout policies evolve as firms mature. Behavioral Finance further explores psychological and behavioral factors influencing investor preferences. Beyond these theoretical perspectives, this study emphasizes the dynamic nature of dividend policy, shaped by financial constraints, managerial incentives, corporate governance structures, and investor expectations. Given the complexity of payout decisions, a multi-theoretical approach is essential to fully grasp their determinants. Furthermore, considering diverse market environments and regulatory frameworks, additional empirical research is needed to refine existing models and enhance their applicability across different corporate and institutional contexts.