The impact of biological variables on cell kinetics and differentiation dynamics in the mouse incisor epithelium

The mouse incisor is a key model system for understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing dental stem cells (SCs). However, the effects of sex, age and strain on mouse incisor morphology and epithelial SC function remain unclear. We used micro-computed tomography and histology to analyze the apical region in males and females, two age groups, and two commonly used strains. Cell kinetics, enamel density, and volume were assessed to determine their impact on SC behavior and enamel properties. No differences were found in cell kinetics or enamel properties between male and female mice at 8 weeks of age. However, 3-week-old mice exhibited higher cell proliferation, lower enamel density, and reduced volume than 8-week-olds, highlighting age-dependent changes in SC activity and enamel formation. Additionally, strain-specific variations were observed, with ICR mice showing increased numbers of preameloblasts and higher enamel volume with lower density when compared to C57BL/6 mice at 8 weeks old. Our results establish a standardized framework for the examination of mouse incisor epithelial SCs. These standards will enhance research reproducibility and consistency, facilitate constructive critique by reviewers, and enable a deeper understanding of the complex factors influencing SC behavior across diverse physiological contexts.