Diversified Soil Types Differentially Regulated the Peanut (Arachis hydropoaea L.) Growth and Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure

Peanut (<i>Arachis hydropoaea</i> L.) demonstrates a prominent adaptability to diverse soil types. However, the specific effects of soil types on peanut growth and bacterial communities remain elusive. This study conducted a thorough examination of the agronomic traits, the corresponding physicochemical properties, and bacterial structure of rhizosphere soil in acidic (AT), neutral (NT), and saline-alkali (ST) soils, elucidating the internal relationship between soil type and peanut yield. Our results showed that different soil types exhibited significant differences in peanut yield, with ST demonstrating the lowest yield per plant, showing an 85.05% reduction compared to NT. Furthermore, available phosphorus content, urease, and invertase activities were substantially reduced in both ST and AT, particularly in ST by 95.35%, 38.57%, and 62.54%, respectively. Meanwhile, metagenomic sequencing unveiled a notable decline in <i>Bradyrhizobium</i> and <i>Streptomyces</i> in these soils, which is crucial for soil improvement. Further metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the reduction in pathways related to soil remediation, fertility improvement, and stress response in AT and ST may lead to slower peanut growth. In conclusion, peanuts cultivated in acidic and saline-alkali soils can increase yield via implementing soil management practices such as improving soil quality and refining micro-environments. Our study provides practical applications for enhancing peanut yield in low- to medium-yield fields.