Dandruff as a Forensic Biomarker: A Novel Approach in Trace Evidence Analysis

Abstract: The forensic application of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recovered from dandruff sampled using different methods, such as nail clippings, combs, hairbrushes, pillowcases, and clothes, is investigated here. Though sometimes neglected in forensic investigations, dandruff holds nucleated cells that contain useful genetic information. This paper seeks to develop a successful and effective means of recovering mtDNA from dandruff, particularly in instances where traditional sources of DNA are not available or are deteriorated.Dandruff samples were also obtained from volunteers by employing a variety of noninvasive approaches: nail clippings accompanied by attached dandruff, hairbrushes, combs, pillowcase, and apparel. mtDNA was isolated through a commercial kit for DNA isolation, and detection was done with the help of gel electrophoresis. For confirmation of accuracy and reliability of the extracted DNA, quantitative analysis was carried out to determine DNA yield, while Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing was carried out to check mtDNA quality and purity. The results confirmed successful mtDNA extraction, where high-quality sequences were applicable for forensic use.The study confirms that dandruff is a suitable and easily accessible source of DNA for forensic analysis. Its ability to be easily collected from personal items without contact makes it particularly useful in circumstances where traditional DNA samples are unavailable. The method can be applied to aid crime scene investigations, suspect identification, cold case solution, mass disaster victim identification, and DNA degradation research.Also to be considered are ethical concerns surrounding consent and privacy, as dandruff naturally flakes off and can be sampled without the knowledge of the individual. The current study presents dandruff as a significant and useful forensic source of DNA and calls for future research that would allow the implementation of this method in forensic analysis.