Statistical Optimization and Evaluation of the Adsorptive Efficiency of Base Modified Saccharum munja Biomass for Safranine O and Crystal Violet Dyes in Single and Binary Systems

In this study, we have utilized the base treated Saccharum munja for the removal of Safranine O (SO) and Crystal Violet (CV) dyes from water. The as-synthesized composite was characterized by using various techniques to study the morphological and functional features. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the effect of various parameters such as pH, dosage, and concentration on the adsorption process. Moreover, the kinetics and isotherm of the adsorption process were evaluated using various models. The best-fitted kinetic model was the pseudo-second-order model for both the dyes. The Freundlich isotherm model was found to be the most appropriate for SO and CV dyes suggesting the multilayer adsorption. Further, the adsorption process was favorable as the value of 1/n falls between 0–1. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for SO and CV dyes was found to be 121.80 and 143.67 mg/g, respectively. The regeneration study was performed to check out the reusable capability of the composite and it showed a good regeneration stability upto five adsorption-desorption cycles. In conclusion, Saccharum munja can effectively reduce environmental pollution and offer a sustainable solution for dye removal.