Antibacterial property of hydroxyapatite extracted from biological sources and doped with Cu2+ and Ag+ by Sol-gels method

Hydroxyapatite is used in dental materials such as fillings, veneers, and implants due to its biocompatibility and similarity to the natural tooth structure. Goat teeth contain a high amount of hydroxyapatite, the primary mineral component of tooth enamel. Hydroxyapatite in goat tooth enamel ranges from 70 to 90%, sheep teeth from 75 to 85%, and cow teeth from 60 to 75% by weight. Sheep and Cow teeth have slightly lower hydroxyapatite content compared to goats, which is due to slight differences in their species. Hydroxyapatite can be modified or combined with other compounds (metals) to become a compound with high antibacterial properties, which have various applications in dentistry and medicine. This study aims to extract HA particles from the teeth of domestic animals (goats, sheep, and cows), especially goats (higher hydroxyapatite) in a shorter period, purer and with a simpler and more economical method and without adding chemical compounds containing Phosphate was compared to other methods and HA extracted from goat teeth ash was doped with copper and silver metal ions (HA-Doped Cu²⁺-Ag⁺) and showed high antibacterial properties. The ideal temperature for calcining HA is 1150 °C for 2 h. The physical properties of extracted HA and HA-Doped Cu²⁺-Ag⁺ were investigated using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). It was observed in SEM that the distribution of diameter and size is different depending on the molar ratio of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺. According to the XRD report, copper metals entered the network and silver metal was placed around the hydroxyapatite. Antibacterial activity was effective using agar and tube diffusion methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum antibacterial concentration (MBC) were determined. HA doped with copper and silver is an effective antibacterial agent. It proves to be the most effective antibacterial agent in biomedical applications and is compatible with all bacterial strains.