An Effectual Strategy to Augment the Hello Interval of Each Node Using Enhanced Humpback Whales Optimization

Wireless networks are highly utilized, especially Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) for real-time data transmission. However, current routing protocols for MANETs face challenges that limit their effectiveness. Design issues include minimizing energy usage and ensuring node security. A commonly used routing protocol, AODV, involves periodic broadcasting of hello messages to monitor link connectivity and maintain routing tables. When link failure occurs due to node mobility, hello messages are broadcasted more frequently, which consumes more node energy and increases network overhead. To address this issue, this research proposes an Enhanced Humpback Whales Optimized Routing Approach (EHWORA) that calculates an optimal hello interval based on a node's energy and mobility using an adaptive fuzzy inference system. This approach involves optimizing the hello interval of AODV routing through the use of an adaptive fuzzy inference system. Each node can dynamically adjust the transmission of hello messages based on the fuzzy-based hello interval. Simulation results demonstrate that ORA reduces network overhead, end-to-end delay, hello message fraction, average energy consumption, packet delivery ratio, and improves throughput compared to a recent method. The proposed protocol is evaluated using MATLAB software. To assess the validity of the research, we utilized MATLAB software to compare the proposed method with a recent approach. During the simulation, the proposed protocol depleted the energy of 3 nodes after 10 seconds, 5 nodes after 20 seconds, 9 nodes after 30 seconds, 11 nodes after 40 seconds, and 13 nodes after 50 seconds, respectively.