Towards standardized forensic DNA practices: Comparative analysis of forensic DNA quality management systems in India and the UK

Quality Management Systems (QMS) in forensic DNA practices play a crucial role in ensuring the reliability and admissibility of DNA evidence in criminal investigations.This comparative study examined the QMS in India and the United Kingdom, focusing on the entire forensic DNA workflow from crime scene to court, using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative surveys and qualitative thematic analysis. The study revealed significant disparities between the two countries, with the UK demonstrating a centralised approach through its Forensic Science Regulator (FSR) and mandatory accreditation to international standards (ISO 17020, 15189, 17025). In contrast, India's fragmented system and limited compliance with these standards potentially compromise the consistency of forensic DNA evidence. Correlation and regression analyses highlighted the critical role of well-regulated laboratory practices and strong regulatory frameworks in maintaining high quality QMS standards.The research highlights the critical need for sweeping changes in India's forensic DNA QMS system. These reforms should encompass the formation of a central regulatory agency, compulsory accreditation processes, implementation of robust anti-contamination protocols in sample collection and examination, and the bolstering of educational initiatives for all individuals involved in DNA-related activities, spanning from crime scene investigations to legal proceedings.These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and forensic practitioners, emphasizing the importance of robust QMS in ensuring the credibility of DNA evidence in criminal justice systems worldwide.