“A Fear of the Unknown”: Understanding the Perceptions of Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES)

Abstract Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) are popular techniques for modulating behaviour within research and clinical settings. However, individuals are apprehensive around undergoing tES, with clear misconceptions around safety and efficacy. This work aimed to capture perceptions of tES and identify drivers and barriers to undergoing stimulation through a mixed-methods approach. Participants completed an online survey ( n = 145) and follow-up semi-structured interviews ( n = 7) to explore knowledge of tES, perceptions of safety, expectations of effects, and willingness to undergo stimulation. Change in safety and comfort scores were measured following increasing levels of information (basic overview, safety standards, ethical practice, photos of tES testing). Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis and quantitative data through descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Participants were uncomfortable with the idea of “messing” with the brain and therefore reluctant to undergo procedures. Apprehension and fear around tES were evident, particularly were deemed to have low efficacy. tES was viewed as safer ( χ 2 (3) = 40.842, p < 0.001, W = 0.094) and individuals were more comfortable with the prospect of receiving stimulation ( χ 2 (3) = 49.587, p < 0.001, W = 0.114) as they were provided with more information. Participant misconceptions around tES must be addressed to support larger-scale and appropriate recruitment. Provision of clear, explicit, and independent information is important for building trust and demonstrating need of the techniques.