The Use of Complex Noun Phrases in Essay Writing of English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners

This study investigates first-year students at the University of Vavuniya and their ability to construct complex noun phrases in academic essay writing. Complex noun phrases, including pre- and post-modifiers, are essential for mature academic writing and effective communication of compact information. With simple random sampling using a mixed-method approach, the study finds that students primarily used simple noun phrases with minimal embedding, mainly relying on prepositional phrases as post-modifiers. Most noun phrases were endocentric, and students frequently made errors, such as misordering, plural-singular misuse, malformations, and inappropriate word choices, highlighting a critical need for enhanced grammatical instruction. The findings reveal that students struggle with forming complex noun phrases, typically using only one or two modifiers, indicating a basic level of proficiency. The study recommends targeted training in noun phrase construction, emphasising <quantifier + head> agreement pattern and specific writing strategies. Strengthening students’ ability to use complex noun phrases improves their writing clarity, conciseness, and overall academic proficiency. Mastering noun phrase construction allows writers to convey detailed information efficiently, enhancing their ability to write well-structured and high-quality academic essays.