Effect of Physical Training on Immunity in Adults

Introduction: Chronic disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have increased in recent years due to a rise in sedentary behaviour, especially among adults. Frequent exercise has been identified as a critical component in enhancing general health by favourably impacting immunological and metabolic processes, which may lower the chance of developing chronic illnesses. Objective: The purpose of this review is to investigate how physical activity affects immune function in adults, with an emphasis on the signal transduction pathways that are involved and how exercise duration and intensity affect immunological responses. Methods: The SciELO and PubMed databases were used to do a thorough literature review. Studies that focused on how exercise affects immune cell populations, cytokine profiles, and molecular signalling in adults were chosen. Results: According to the reviewed research, the intensity and duration of physical activity have an impact on the immune cell subpopulations that are significantly altered by exercise. While high-intensity exercise tends to promote an anti-inflammatory response, which aims to reduce inflammation and muscle damage, moderate-intensity exercise is typically linked to a balanced pro-inflammatory response. Numerous immune cells, including as neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, as well as surface receptors such major histocompatibility complex class II and Toll-like receptors (TLRs), exhibit these immunological alterations. Furthermore, exercise modulates cytokine release, further impacting immune regulation. Conclusion: Based on the findings, exercise characteristics like duration and intensity have a significant impact on how the immune system reacts to physical activity in adults. Complex cell signalling pathways involving phosphorylation events mediate these immunological responses, activating transcription factors, protein synthesis, and cell proliferation. Knowing these mechanisms helps us better understand how exercise can boost immunity and lower the risk of chronic illnesses in adulthood. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/jchr.v15.i2.7878