Pull Factors Driving Female immigrant Entrepreneurship in Italy

Over the past two decades, the relationship between migration and entrepreneurship has gained prominence in Western economies. The increasing number of businesses led by foreign nationals has reshaped the entrepreneurial landscape in many countries, including Italy. In Italy, regulatory flexibility, shifting migration patterns, and market demand—combined with an economy dominated by small enterprises—have fostered a favorable environment for entrepreneurship. Grounded in micro and small businesses, the Italian economy supports self-employment and small-scale enterprises, making it particularly welcoming for immigrant entrepreneurship. Micro and small enterprises have historically driven national economic growth. Within this framework, female immigrant entrepreneurship has become a significant and growing component, reflecting broader trends in women-led and migrant-owned businesses. Female immigrant entrepreneurship in Italy today represents a dynamic phenomenon shaped by territorial factors and relational capital. These elements enable immigrant women to overcome barriers and seize opportunities in the Italian market. The concept of territory includes resources within local contexts, such as infrastructure, economic frameworks, and institutional support. Immigrant women often identify market gaps, especially in ethnic products and services, gaining a competitive edge. Relational capital, comprising networks built through family, community, and professional connections, is equally crucial. These networks provide access to financing, partnerships, mentorship, and market insights, helping immigrant women navigate socio-economic challenges. Together, territorial factors and relational capital drive female immigrant entrepreneurship in Italy, promoting social inclusion and economic diversification. This study examines how these elements support the emergence and growth of female immigrant businesses.