Max Weber’s Rationality

韦伯是现代社会学的重要奠基人之一。其“合理性”理论引起了广泛关注，一直是各领域(尤其是哲学和社会学)热议的话题。其理论为后来的社会学提供了重要的思想素材，并为哲学社会学批判理论所接纳、批判，以及重构。本文概览了韦伯合理性理论的核心概念；并尝试阐明韦伯“社会行动理想类型理论”的个人主义的视角，及其理论整体上的方法论、经验规则，以及价值中立的特点。从而试图说明韦伯的合理性理论与马克思主义理论(尤其是社会批判理论)相互论争的根源所在。Max Weber is one of the foundational figures of modern sociology. His theory of “rationality” has attracted widespread attention and remains a topic of heated discussion across various fields, especially philosophy and sociology. His theory has provided important intellectual material for later sociological thought and has been accepted, critiqued, and reconstructed within philosophical sociology and critical theory. This paper outlines the core concepts of Weber’s theory of rationality, and attempts to clarify Weber’s individualistic perspective in his “ideal types of social action” theory, as well as the overall methodological, empirical rules, and value-neutral characteristics of his theory. Through this, the paper seeks to explain the roots of the theoretical contention between Weber’s rationality theory and Marxist theory, particularly in the context of social critical theory.