Exploring the in vitro Efficacy of Terminalia coriacea Nanoemulsion against Haemonchus contortus and Pheretima posthuma: LCMS Profiling of Ethanolic Bark Extract Impact

Nanoemulsion of bark ethanolic extract of Terminalia coriacea (T. coriacea) was investigated for in vitro anthelminthic activity on helminth parasites from sheep and earthworms. The goal of this investigation was to access the anthelmintic effects of nanoemulsion having bark extract by ethanol, of T. coriacea against Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) and Pheretima posthuma (P. posthuma) and evaluate phytoconstituents. Nanoemulsion was formulated with ethanolic bark extract of T. coriacea and characterization, particle size, zeta potential, morphological and rheological evaluations performed. Ethno-pharmacological information suggested T. coriacea as an excellent alternative for supervising nematodes of the gastrointestinal tract due to its anthelmintic properties. The ethanolic extract was subjected to liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy (LCMS) analysis to screen the responsible phytoconstituents for the efficacy. The results show a potential role of the nanoemulsion in the decline in hatchability of eggs, the development of larvae in L1 to L3 (infective stage) and earthworm. At maximum concentration, T. coriacea nanoemulsion (TcNano) revealed 95.36% egg hatch test (EHT) and 88.56% larval motility test (LMT), whereas paralysis time 50.16±0.5 and death time 70.04±0.5 minutes in movement worms. In the motility of mature worm test, three concentrations of 10, 50, and 100 mg/ml of nanoemulsion were investigated against P. Posthuma. Albendazole was taken as the standard reference at 10 mg/ml concentration, while the control was normal saline. We have devised a significant and potentially effective alternative to anthelmintics for the control of parasites in accordance with these findings. The LCMS analysis revealed the major chemical moiety such as Glyceraldehyde, Phenylcoumarin, Cucurbitacin E, Norbuprenorphine-d3, Quinazolinamine, Triflupromazine, Flavanone, Mephenytoin, Methyl coumarin acetate, and Serpentine at significant quantities. Furthermore, these findings endorse the traditional claim of T. coriacea as anthelmintic and the therapeutic potential of its constituents.